Volcanoes آتشفشا ن

Humanity has long been fascinated with volcanoes, working them into myths and legends in many cultures. Photographing nature's awesome power is no easy task and can be dangerous.

Mount Semeru, seen with an ash plume, is the highest volcano on the Indonesian island of Java, where it is surrounded by the smaller volcanoes Mount Bromo and Mount Batok. Mount Semeru has been in a constant state of eruption since 1967.

Other volcanoes have also put on recent shows, from the Big Island of Hawaii to Mount Etna in Italy and boiling mud pools in Ethiopia.

 Volcanoes

Lava Flowing Into the Pacific

Photograph by Stephen Alvarez, National Geographic

With a hiss of steam, lava flows into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Similar flows of molten rock have built up the Hawaiian islands over the course of more than 70 million years.

Mount Etna, Italy

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Perched above the lighted city of Catania, Italy, Mount Etna hurls a fountain of fire skyward as rivers of lava spill down its flanks. In spite of its dazzling displays, Mount Etna is a relatively safe volcano with rare, compact eruptions and slow-flowing lava that gives people a chance to escape.

Liquid Lava on Mount Etna

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

A few hundred degrees separates this pool of fiery orange magma in Italy’s Mount Etna from its hardened, gray crust. At nearly 11,000 feet (3,353 meters), Mount Etna is Europe’s highest active volcano.

Volcanic Lightning

Photograph by Peter Vancoillie, Your Shot

A bright bolt of lightning crackles within the ash cloud from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland in April 2010.  Volcanic lightning occurs when roiling ash particles rub against each other and become electrically charged.

Ertale Volcano Crater, Ethiopia

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Climbers mount whorls of lava on the caldera of Ethiopia’s Ertale Volcano as steam escapes from a lava lake in the volcano’s crater, which can reach temperatures of 1,868°F (1,020°C).

Boiling Mud, Ethiopia

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

A pool of mud boils near Dallol Volcano, in Ethiopia’s remote Danakil Depression. Volcanic explosion craters such as Dallol form during phreatic eruptions—where rising magma comes into contact with water beneath the surface of the Earth, causing a steam explosion.

Cleveland Volcano, Alaska

Photograph courtesy NASA Earth Observatory

Cleveland Volcano releases a plume of ash that rises almost 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) above the North Pacific Ocean in this aerial photograph. Cleveland Volcano, located in the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska, failed to produce an eruption and the plume of ash detached from the volcano two hours after it formed.

Pahoehoe Lava, Hawaii

Photograph by Steve and Donna O'Meara, Volcano Watch International/National Geographic

Pahoehoe lava flows on Kilauea volcano in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Unlike aa (pronounced “ah ah”) lava, pahoehoe flows relatively slowly, allowing an insulating skin to form that keeps the temperature close to 2,190°F (about 1,200°C). Aa lava, on the other hand, moves faster and doesn’t have time to develop a skin, resulting in a cooler flow with a more angular texture.

Fern Growing From Lava, Hawaii

Photograph by Frans Lanting, National Geographic

A whisk fern grows from recently cooled lava in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Plants can return rapidly to areas affected by volcanic eruptions. Over time, lava and ash break down to form fertile soils ideal for agriculture.

Ash Cloud

Photograph by Snorri Gunnarsson, My Shot

Geese fly past the ash cloud from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano that began in April 2010. Ash from the volcano disrupted air traffic in Europe for more than a month.

Stars Over Mount Damavand

Photograph by Siamak Sabet, Your Shot

Stars whirl in the sky in a long-exposure photo of Mount Damavand in Iran. The mountain, which is part of the Elburz mountain range south of the Caspian Sea, is the highest volcano in Asia and the highest peak in the Middle East.

Lake Laach

Photograph by Hannah Baumert, My Shot

Gas bubbles up from the bottom of Laacher See (or Lake Laach) in Germany. A violent prehistoric eruption caused the Earth's crust to collapse and form a crater that filled with water. The lake lies in an area of Western Germany called the Eifel volcanic field.

Arenal Volcano

Photograph by Lawrence Smith, My Shot

The Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica erupts suddenly in February 2010, turning the sky an ominous yellow-brown. The volcano is one of the most active in the world.

Thurston Lava Tube

Photograph by Kevin Hazelton, My Shot

Lights illuminate the Thurston Lava Tube in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Lava tubes serve as underground pipelines, allowing molten rock to flow under and away from volcanoes.

Lava Falls

Photograph by Snorri Gunnarsson, My Shot

Lava flows into a valley in southern Iceland near the Eyjafjallajökull volcano.

شاید از آغا ز تا امروز، انسان شیفته ی آتشفشان ها بوده و هست ؛ ودر فرهنگ های گونه گون از آن در اسطوره ها و افسانه ها یش  بهره گرفته است.

عکس بر داشتن از آتشفشان ها ، کاری است ترسناک و بسیار خطرناک .

آتشفشا ن ِ کوه " سمرو " ، با دودکش و ستونی از خاکستر آتشفشانی ، بلند ترین آتشفشان در جزیره ی اندونزی در " جاوه" است ؛ جایی که بوسیله ی آتشفشان های کوچکتر ِ کوه " برمو"، و کوه " باتوک" در بر گرفته شده است . آتشفشان کوه " سمرو " ، از سال 1967 میلادی تا کنون فعال است .

از آتشفشا ن های جزیره ی بزرگ " هاوایی " ، تا آتشفشان " اتنا " در ایتالیا ، و حوضچه های مواد مذاب و جوشان در "اتیوپی " ، می توان از آتشفشا ن های در حال فوران ِ بسیاری نام برد .